Dinoflagellates are single-celled algae present in marine ecosystems. Many species are causing toxic red tide blooms, which are getting worse in a warming climate. Our researchers discovered that dinoflagellates like Lingulodinium polyedra use G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCRs) signaling to control bioluminescence to prevent predation. Using bioinformatics, structure prediction, knockdowns, and knockouts, they identified the novel GPCR called bioluminescence-inducing receptor, BIR1, that triggers a flash of light to ward off predators. BIR1 is a promising target for red tide control: developing drugs that target BIR1 or potential homologs in other species would allow for reduction of bioluminescence in red tide blooms, upregulating predation of dinoflagellates. This method of integrated red tide management could target specific dinoflagellate species, with no cross-activity on coral symbionts or other harmless algae. The application of this technology spans pharmaceuticals, environmental remediation, and biotechnology sectors. Pharmaceuticals stand to benefit from the development of drugs targeting BIR1 and related GPCRs, with applications ranging from marine biotechnology to human therapeutics. Environmental agencies and industries reliant on coastal ecosystems can utilize the targeted approach for sustainable red tide control.
Inferred Bioluminescence Pathway in L. polyedra.