Methods Utilizing Online and Offline Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation to Enhance Visuomotor Learning

It is widely recognized that neuromodulation can relieve some symptoms of neurological disorders as well as enhance neuroplasticity, learning and recovery of function. While most work has focused on direct neuromodulation to stimulate the cortex and evoke a cortical response, more recent studies have shown that indirect approaches may also enhance neuroplasticity and learning.

 

Trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) is a non-invasive approach which utilizes low-intensity electric current to indirectly modulate brain activity. TNS has been shown to have a therapeutic profile similar to Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), benefitting patients with depression, drug-resistant epilepsy, ADHD, migraine and other disorders. While TNS has a lot of potential, until recently no studies have assessed the effects of TNS on motor learning, which could provide understanding into the potential use of TNS as an adjuvant to conventional neurorehabilitation.

 

 

Researchers at Arizona State University have developed novel methods for improving motor learning through stimulation of the trigeminal and/or occipital nerves. These methods are able to improve motor learning rates in patients with neurological diseases or disorders such as stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Performance improvement may also apply to apply to subjects without any brain diseases, disorders or injuries. The frequency of stimulation and the timing relative to the execution of a task (offline – before execution, or online – during execution) have been identified and optimized so as to have maximum beneficial effect on motor learning.